Wiki User. [172] Other flows occurred at 12:05, after 13:37, 17:25, 21:3521:48, 23:4023:50 and on 20 April at 9:20. [15] Volcanic centres include calderas and associated large ignimbrites, lava domes and stratovolcanoes;[21] among the better-researched volcanoes are Galan, Nevados de Payachata, Ollague, Purico Complex, San PedroSan Pablo, La Pacana, Tata Sabaya and Tumisa. [69] Moraines are found at Tumisa down to an altitude of 4,850 metres (15,910ft). stratovulcano 5592 m / 18,346 ft. Northern Chile, -23.37S / -67.73W. Why do people study Geology? [104], Gases are partly supplied from shallow magma; the volume of magma erupted is too small to contain all the exhalations. [74], Lascar rocks consist of andesite and dacite. Eruptions in 1972 and 1974 are uncertain. [132], Activity subsequently shifted to the eastern edifice. Metasomatism does further affect rocks derived from magma chamber walls. 92 views 3 minutes ago In Chile, the Lascar volcano unexpectedly erupted on December 10th, sending a plume of ash more than 6,000 meters or 19,700 feet above what was already one of the world's. There were no injuries[211] or fatalities,[8] however the eruption did lead to water pollution in the region, including increases in cadmium, copper and lead concentrations in local rivers. along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. [187] The speed of these flows has been estimated at 100700 kilometres per hour (62435mph). [34] In the centre of the westernmost crater lies a smaller crater, 250 metres (820ft) deep and 300 metres (980ft) wide. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. Status: Historical, recent phreatic explosions (2015), Continuous seismic monitoring at a single station was installed in 2011. This unit, formed during stage II, is known as Piedras Grandes,[53]and is exposed on the western slopes below about 4,900 metres (16,100ft) altitude. [145] The ignimbrite features three facies, one rich in breccia, another rich in pumice, and a normal ignimbrite. Its rocks have a pale gray-blue colour, and their composition resembles the Soncor flow, despite more mafic lavas and pyroclastics being erupted in the time period between the emplacement of the Soncor flow and the Capricorn Lava. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [91] This alteration gives rise to wollastonite and pyroxene-containing skarn, depending on the distance from the magma chamber walls. Add an answer . [169] This cycle ended after 1993, probably because the April 1993 eruption modified the conditions in the volcanic system. The unit is about 2 kilometres (1.2mi) wide[135] and consists of large blocks encased in ash. Grey pumice deposits from the 1993 eruption are visible in the photo above, and the margins of some pyroclastic flows can be seen at right center. [228] The last eruption, on 30 October 2015, created a 2,500-metre-high (8,200ft) column of ash that prompted a raise in the local volcano alert level. An eruption event known as Piedras Grandes was followed by the large Soncor eruption. [156], Heavy metal exposure is a problem for the region. [116] Otherwise, activity between 1993 and 2000 was not accompanied by deformation of the edifice. The Lascar Volcano is an active andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano that consists of an elongate series of six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center of this cluster. [244] Thallium from the volcano is a pollution hazard in the Talabre area. [196] Additional surfaces were covered by ash cloud surges, reaching thicknesses of no more than 5 centimetres (2.0in) on the sides of the pyroclastic flows. It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters. [39] An alternative dating scheme considers Chaile to be 47,000 16,000 years old and Saltar 167,000 9,000 years old. [44] The end of glaciation may have accompanied an increase in volcanic activity, a phenomenon that has been noted at other volcanoes. [51] This dacitic lava was erupted on Lascar at high altitude and has a blocky surface. Panorama from the Lascar Southern pyroclastic flow. [79] The magmas are contaminated by the local crust, but not to the extent found in the Galan or Purico complex eruption products. Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 overlapping summit craters. [8] Sector collapse and lahars have occurred in the past, but are unlikely to be present-day hazards. A volcano in the Andes in Chile's north rumbled to life early Saturday, triggering minor earth tremors and sending a plume of smoke and ash 6,000 meters (nearly 20,000 feet) into a clear sky. [77], The rocks of Lascar belong to the calc-alkaline series. [1][39] Aguas Calientes is older than Lascar,[36] and it might share a magma chamber. Res. [100] Trace elements include arsenic, boron and titanium, with smaller amounts of barium, chromium, copper, lead, strontium and zinc. [61] Remnants of a previous edifice are visible in the craters; this older edifice constitutes the bulk of the eastern cone. [168] The temperatures of the lava dome can reach 148367C (298693F). [227], The National Geology and Mining Service of Chile considers Lascar Chile's 14th most dangerous volcano,[237] and in 2020 classified it as a "type I" volcano. [47] Lava flows from this stage have thicknesses of 2060 metres (66197ft) and lengths reaching 5 kilometres (3.1mi). The lava dome had disappeared, but in early 1992, another lava dome formed, eventually reaching a size of 180190 metres (590620ft) width and 40 metres (130ft) height, and was accompanied by explosions. The importance of the multidisciplinary approach. A volcano that is erupting. [152], Later, a new stratovolcano grew over the Soncor vent. Blog. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 1-2 mm of very fine ash fell in Jama (international boundary of Chile and Argentina). [59] An eruption commenced at 11:35 local time on 18 April 2006. [127] The volcano persistently features a tall plume of water and sulfur dioxide. We're aiming to achieve uninterrupted service wherever an earthquake or volcano eruption unfolds, and your donations can make it happen! [47] This Plinian deposit reaches thicknesses of 22 metres (72ft) and fell from a 22-to-30-kilometre-high (14 to 19mi) eruption column. Terms in this set (10) Active volcano. Volcanoes at Plate Boundaries - Geology 101 for Lehman College (CUNY) Skip to content Toggle Menu Primary Navigation Home Read Sign in Search in book:Search Book Contents Navigation Contents I. [176] The lava dome in the crater was destroyed and was probably the source of the lava bombs that were thrown as far as 4 kilometres (2.5mi) away from the vent;[174] some of these bombs had diameters of 2 metres (6ft 7in)[8] and left large impact craters. [36] The lavas from stage I are mostly exposed north and west of Lascar. joerouse12. Preceding historical eruptions did not exceed 2. [156] The deposits left by this erosional period contain no clear evidence of stage III activity; indeed Lascar was probably inactive between 14,000 and 10,500 years ago. [138] An ice cap formed over Lascar at that time, feeding two glaciers that extended northeast and southeast away from the volcano. Lascar is located close to the Atacama Desert, one of the world's driest deserts. 2017-03-03 22:36:33. Four eruptions occurred at 15:20, 17:22, 19:00 and 21:00 UTC, forming eruption columns reaching altitudes of 10 kilometres (6.2mi). Test. Today the volcanic complex consists of the dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the latter comprising three overlapping craters. Geoth. [35] At least ten different pulses were observed, generating columns of various heights[173] and forming mushroom clouds. It was accompanied by a Plinian fall deposit. [113] They correspond to about 2 and 5%, respectively, of the global volcanic flux of these compounds. [95], A number of xenoliths occur in Lascar's rocks; a large amount of the phenocrysts are ultimately derived from them. [183] The southern flank flows at first proceeded along a gully before spreading out. This pulse generated an eruption column 23 kilometres (14mi) high. [32], Lascar is located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile,[31] and is 5,641 metres (18,507ft),[33][3][34] 5,592 metres (18,346ft),[31][21][15][1] or 5,450 metres (17,880ft) high, according to different sources. [57] This eruption was first noticed when ash fell on Salta, and was accompanied by anomalies in the heat emission from the volcano recorded by satellite. [102], Release rates of SO2 amounted to 27 tonnes per day (0.31kg/s) in 1989,[103] and 28 tonnes per day (0.32kg/s) in 2003. [72] Persistent snow cover exists on the western and southern slopes of the volcano; it contributes partly to the fumarole water. [225] The eruption ended around 15:32 on 20 April,[222] although some explosions occurred in the following days. The fumaroles also release carbon monoxide, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, and smaller amounts of helium. [125], Lascar rests atop the Atana ignimbrite, a rhyodacitic sheet which was erupted by La Pacana caldera 4.53.7 million years ago. Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. [7] A number of earthquakes were recorded in early February 2012. [64] The Quebrada Talabre was scoured by pyroclastic flows during the 1993 eruption, exposing bedrock and Tertiary ignimbrites. Learn. [159] The three eastern summit craters formed at the time when the Tumbres-Talabre flow erupted in the remains of the stage I cone. [16] These volcanic zones are separated by areas where recent volcanism is absent; one common theory is that the subduction processes responsible for volcanism form a subducting plate that is too shallow to trigger the formation of magma. [86], The magma chamber of Lascar appears to lie at depths of 1017 kilometres (6.210.6mi),[87] although the lack of deformation of the edifice during the 1993 eruption indicates that it may be deeper, over 2530 kilometres (1619mi) or even over 40 kilometres (25mi) deep. Also, a volcano that is not presently erupting, but that has erupted within historical time and is considered likely to do so in the future. [171], Vulcanian explosions started on 18 April 1993, and on 1920 April 1993, a major eruption occurred. 3. [72], Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are also released in large amounts, with estimates made in 20032004 indicating a mass flux of 340,000,000 kilograms per year (11kg/s) and 150,000,000 kilograms per year (4.8kg/s) respectively. [40] MioceneQuaternary volcanic centres in the neighbourhood include Cerro Negro in the north, Acamarachi northeast, Tumisa southwest, and the Cordon de Puntas Negras in the south,[41] which Lascar is sometimes considered to be part of. Another explosion at 13:02 sent a column 8.5 kilometres (5.3mi) high. [53] Around 5150 1250 BCE, as obtained by surface exposure dating,[157] the Tumbres-Talabre lava flow was erupted from the eastern crater. During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto . [227] Precipitation at Lascar is about 50100 millimetres per year (2.03.9in/year) and consists mostly of snow. [36], Lascar is a steep volcano[7] formed by two irregularly shaped truncated cones that extend eastwest,[52][53] on a trend that includes Aguas Calientes. [157] The 1933 eruption was seen as far away as Chuquicamata. [140] The Soncor magmas were associated with a volatile phase that underwent extensive interaction with the future eruption products. [68] Traces of glacial action are found on the older parts of Lascar at altitudes above 4,600 metres (15,100ft) and include meltwater gorges, striated rock surfaces, and U-shaped valleys. Large lava flows are visible on its NW flanks. [38], Lascar is located in the main volcanic arc, on the western margin of the Altiplano. [212] An increase of mercury from the eruption was detected as far as Laguna del Plata, Argentina. High quantities of arsenic have been observed in local crops. [110] There are temporal variations in the output: after a decrease in 2009, sulfur output increased in 2012, probably as a consequence of the arrival of new magma at depth. [27] Given the low population density around many of these volcanoes, there is often little information on their activity. The volcanic complex experienced several major, up to VEI 6, pre-historic eruptions but no calderas were formed. [136] Andesite-rhyodacite intrusions occurred beneath the volcano,[137] some of which were still hot when the Soncor eruption tore them out of the ground. Stato attuale: normal or dormant (1 di 5) Last update: 3 feb 2022 (Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report) Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. However, an eruption of the Cerro Corona lava dome occurred during this period,[60] and activity of stage III did not commence earlier than 22,300 years ago. [88] Magma petrology implies that there is another reservoir at 6 kilometres (3.7mi) depth. The plates are so close to each other that they start to mash together, and this causes the Earth's mantle to escape from the Earth. Lascar has been active since at least 56,000 years ago, though some argue for activity beginning 220,000 years ago. [63], Lascar is one of the three most active volcanoes in the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (the other two are the Peruvian volcanoes Sabancaya and Ubinas)[126] and a steady pattern of eruptive activity has persisted for centuries. Global Volcanism Network, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. VW is a higher education, k-12, and public outreach project of the Oregon Space Grant Consortium [194], The flows were strongly erosive, extracting rocks and material from the bedrock, even far away from the vent. [6][29] Guallatiri, for example, features fumarolic activity that is visible in satellite images. Unmanned aerial vehicles,[236] occasional reconnaissance flights and infrequent visits to the volcano are also used. [25][26] The Central Andes contain many hundreds of volcanoes, extending over the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. 2017-01-13 18:27:12. [88] Such tremors may be produced by the movement of liquid materials in the volcano. Some of the material came from the conduit walls. A number of other volcanoes are found in the region, such as Aguas Calientes, Cordon de Puntas Negras and the giant La Pacana caldera. Aguas Calientes in the middle; Lascar on the left. [44] East of Lascar lies the La Pacana caldera. [54], Large lava flows are noticeable on the flanks of the volcano,[34] with a total of eight lava flows recognized. How to watch volcanoes? The first of these eruptions released 1015 cubic kilometres (2.43.6cumi) of material and is known as the Soncor eruption. [111] There is no clear association between periods of degassing and eruptions. Regulatory limits on concentrations of other elements in water were also exceeded, although only temporarily. [67] The vent was no wider than 2 kilometres (1.2mi), as it is completely hidden beneath the western cone. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. Hornfels, skarn, and rocks that are part of Lascar's lava dome ridge are the source of these xenoliths. [195], These flows took a long time to cool down; in the Quebrada Tumbres, they had not cooled down completely by December 1993. This dome began to shrink in October 1989, and in December 1989, white clouds rose 2 kilometres (1.2mi) above Lascar's crater. [9], Lascar is located atop of a ridge formed by the 5,293-metre-high (17,365ft) Cerro Corona and 5,192-metre-high (17,034ft) Cerro de Saltar lava domes, south and north of Lascar, respectively. [56] Measurements made from 1961 to 1997 determined that the eastern crater is 1 kilometre (0.62mi) wide and 150200 metres (490660ft) deep[57] and thus the largest,[53] the central crater is 600 metres (2,000ft) wide and 100200 metres (330660ft) deep, and the western crater is 800 metres (2,600ft) wide and 200300 metres (660980ft) deep,[57] increasing to 400 metres (1,300ft) depth in 20052006. [60] These craters are not collapsed calderas,[57] and there is no evidence of the deposits a large explosion would produce. [47][158] The Tumbres-Talabre flow was originally considered to be of late-19th-century age. [190], There is a pronounced morphology characterized by a channel upslope and snout-like toes downslope. [148] The total volume of the Soncor eruption products has been estimated to be either 5.6 cubic kilometres (1.3cumi) dense rock equivalent or 10 cubic kilometres (2.4cumi) net volume, both minimum estimates. [9] Lahar deposits are found in adjacent valleys, suggesting that wetter periods had occurred during Lascar's activity. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto another plate. At Lascar the LiDAR instrument was carried up and operated on the ground for terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). [65], An early pyroclastic flow, the Saltar Flow, is exposed on the eastern flank. [67], The Quebrada Talabre cuts into the upper flanks of Lascar[64] and eventually joins the Quebrada Soncor. [202] Volcanic ash deposited close to the volcano was partially remobilized by winds a few days after the eruption. [129] The Observatorio Volcanolgico de los Andes del Sur in Temuco also employs webcams to watch Lascar. [134] It is white, heterogeneous[90] and mostly featureless with only weak sorting,[144] but features a noticeable compositional zonation. [107][108] In 2005, Lascar was the third-largest source of volcanic sulfur dioxide in the world among continuously active volcanoes, behind Etna in Italy and Bagana in Papua-New Guinea. [30] Also fumarolically active are: Sabancaya, El Misti, Ubinas, Tacora, Isluga, Irruputuncu, Olca, Ollague, San Pedro, Putana and Lastarria. Volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries are found all along the Pacific Ocean basin, primarily at the edges of the Pacific, Cocos, and Nazca plates. [36], The volcano sits above a major local geological trend, the northsouth Miscanti Line. Other volcanic centres are also located on this line,[54] including the Corona and Saltar lava domes, and the Miscanti and Lejia volcanoes. [242] In 1982,[243] the town of Talabre was moved for safety reasons[52] stemming from flooding and volcanic activity,[243] and ballistic blocks ejected by the volcano are a threat to mountaineers and scientists working on Lascar. The Lascar volcano is located in the Andes and erupted on 10th December . [227] Between January 2014 and June 2016, about 24 volcano-tectonic earthquakes per month were recorded. Large lava flows are visible on its NW flanks. [229], Because of the volcano's remote location, much information on its activity comes from remote sensing. The Soncor magma chamber may have been too deep to collapse when it was emptied, explaining why no significant caldera was formed. [36] This limestone formation has been identified as the Yacoraite formation. A number of such xenoliths formed from carbonate rocks that were influenced by magma[96][83] of Lascar and of other volcanoes such as Tumisa. [182] Hot pyroclastic flows on the southeastern flank covered a surface area of 1318.5 kilometres (8.111.5mi). Get started for FREE Continue. As of 2012[update], it had a population of 50 inhabitants. [153] Such a vent or caldera is substantially smaller than the volume of rocks erupted, a discrepancy that is also evident in the 1932 eruption of Quizapu. [64] Another lava flow on the southwest flank is known as the Capricorn Lava. [239] Past eruptions caused ash fall in Argentina and disruption of air travel[241] and could have major effects in the Salta Province in case of renewed activity. [246], The area around Lascar is one of the driest and highest volcanic settings in the world. In the case of the Andes, the oceanic Nazca Plate and part of the oceanic Antarctic Plate slide towards the continental South American Plate. [180] Explosive eruptions, accompanied by the formation of eruption columns reaching heights of several kilometres, sometimes leading to ash fall in Jujuy, Argentina, occurred on 27 February 1994; in July 1994, November 1994, and March 1995; and on 10 May, 20 July and 18 October 1996. [129] Lava bombs with diameters of up to 1.5 metres (4ft 11in) were hurled as far as 4 kilometres (2.5mi) from the crater, presumably as a consequence of the lava dome exploding. [72] At least four alignments of volcanoes are recognized in the region. [218] An ash plume was carried 660 kilometres (410mi) east. [181] Lascar's activity has been monitored by Thematic Mapper, which has been used to monitor volcanic activity since 1985, when hot spots were observed on Lascar. Imprecise argonargon dating on younger andesites has yielded dates of 14,000 18,000 and 17,000 22,000 years. It is about 800 m in diameter and 300 m deep. [156] The frequent smaller explosive events commonly occur unexpectedly and can thus endanger people on the mountain. Local time on 18 April 1993, a new stratovolcano grew over the eruption. The Saltar flow, the latter comprising three overlapping craters that is visible in the craters ; older... 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Western and southern slopes of the Altiplano rocks derived from magma chamber elements in water were also,... Metasomatism does further affect rocks derived from magma chamber, because of the.!
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