Had indeed turned and moved toward the fan, stretching up their little leaves as if they were sure that at any moment now light would arrive. One of the spookiest examples of this Suzanne mentioned, is an experiment that she and her team did where they discovered that if a forest is warming up, which is happening all over the world, temperatures are rising, you have trees in this forest that are hurting. The same one that are used in computers like, you know, really tiny. We waiting for the leaves to, you know, stop folding. I don't know where you were that day. It's a family business. On the fifth day, they take a look and discover most of the roots, a majority of the roots were heading toward the sound of water. I wonder if that was maybe a bit too much. -- they spring way up high in the air. The roots of this tree of course can go any way they want to go. It would be all random. And then I needed to -- the difficulty I guess, of the experiment was to find something that will be quite irrelevant and really meant nothing to the plant to start with. MONICA GAGLIANO: Again, if you imagine that the pot, my experimental pot. Like, why would the trees need a freeway system underneath the ground to connect? Like, if you put food into one tree over here, it would end up in another tree maybe 30 feet away over there, and then a third tree over here, and then a fourth tree over there, and a fifth tree over there. ROBERT: Peering down at the plants under the red glow of her headlamp. But it was originally done with -- with a dog. LARRY UBELL: That -- that's -- that's interesting. So then at one point, when you only play the bell for the dog, or you, you know, play the fan for the plant, we know now for the dogs, the dogs is expecting. It's soaks in sunshine, and it takes CO2, carbon dioxide, and it's splits it in half. ROBERT: Remember I told you how trees make sugar? [ASHLEY: Hi. ", ROBERT: So the deer's like, "Oh, well. You have to understand that the cold water pipe causes even a small amount of water to condense on the pipe itself. ROBERT: So she takes the plants, she puts them into the parachute drop, she drops them. You give me -- like, I want wind, birds, chipmunks Like, I'm not, like, your sound puppet here. Yes, in a lot of cases it is the fungus. There's not a leak in the glass. SUZANNE SIMARD: I know. AATISH BHATIA: So this is our plant dropper. Yeah. ROBERT: That there was a kind of a moral objection to thinking this way. ROBERT: So what they're saying is even if she's totally sealed the pipe so there's no leak at all, the difference in temperature will create some condensation on the outside. Yeah, it might run out of fuel. And Roy by the way, comes out with this strange -- it's like a rake. Radiolab is supported in part by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, enhancing public understanding of science and technology in the modern world. It's not leaking. ROBERT: And with these two stimuli, she put the plants, the little pea plants through a kind of training regime. JAD: The thing I don't get is in animals, the hairs in our ear are sending the signals to a brain and that is what chooses what to do. Me first. She's a forestry professor at the University of British Columbia. I mean, you've heard that. I remember going in at the uni on a Sunday afternoon. They need light to grow. I'm 84. No, so for example, lignin is important for making a tree stand up straight. But she was noticing that in a little patch of forest that she was studying, if she had, say, a birch tree next to a fir tree, and if she took out the birch SUZANNE SIMARD: The Douglas fir became diseased and -- and died. But the drop was just shocking and sudden enough for the little plant to Then Monica hoists the plant back up again and drops it again. ROBERT: Inspector Tail is his name. They remembered what had happened three days before, that dropping didn't hurt, that they didn't have to fold up. She's done three experiments, and I think if I tell you about what she has done, you -- even you -- will be provoked into thinking that plants can do stuff you didn't imagine, dream they could do. They designed from scratch a towering parachute drop in blue translucent Lego pieces. JENNIFER FRAZER: One of the things they eat is fungus. Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising scientists at Princeton University, wedig into the work of evolutionaryecologist Monica Gagliano, who turns ourbrain-centered worldview on its head through a series of clever experiments that show plants doing things we never would've imagined. Which has, you know, for dogs has nothing to do with meat. I'm 84. ALVIN UBELL: How much longer? ], And Alvin Ubell. I mean, to say that a plant is choosing a direction, I don't know. ROBERT: So you're like a metaphor cop with a melty heart. Douglas fir, birch and cedar. ROBERT: She's a forestry professor at the University of British Columbia. ROBERT: Five, four, three, two, one, drop! You know, it goes back to anthropomorphizing plant behaviors. We're just learning about them now, and they're so interesting. JENNIFER FRAZER: Then he would bring them the meat and he would ring a bell. The magnolia tree outside of our house got into the sewer pipes, reached its tentacles into our house and busted the sewage pipe. Take it. And again. One of the roots just happens to bump into a water pipe and says -- sends a signal to all the others, "Come over here. Special thanks to Dr. Teresa Ryan of the University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry, to our intern Stephanie Tam, to Roy Halling and the Bronx Botanical Garden, and to Stephenson Swanson there. When people first began thinking about these things, and we're talking in the late 1800s, they had no idea what they were or what they did, but ultimately they figured out that these things were very ancient, because if you look at 400-million-year-old fossils of some of the very first plants You can see, even in the roots of these earliest land plants And then later, scientists finally looked at these things under much more powerful microscopes, and realized the threads weren't threads, really. I mean, I think there's something to that. Don't interrupt. JAD: What is the tree giving back to the fungus? JENNIFER FRAZER: Well, 25 percent of it ended up in the tree. And again. But it didn't happen. And I'm wondering whether Monica is gonna run into, as she tries to make plants more animal-like, whether she's just going to run into this malice from the scientific -- I'm just wondering, do you share any of that? From just bears throwing fish on the ground? MONICA GAGLIANO: Exactly, which is pretty amazing. So they might remember even for a much longer time than 28 days. One time, the plant literally flew out of the pot and upended with roots exposed. Landing very comfortably onto a padded base made of foam. 2018. So they didn't. JENNIFER FRAZER: This all has a history, of course. And the pea plants are left alone to sit in this quiet, dark room feeling the breeze. ROBERT: There's -- they have found salmon in tree rings. They will send out a "Oh, no! ROBERT: That's a -- learning is something I didn't think plants could do. Is your dog objecting to my analysis? SUZANNE SIMARD: No, so for example, lignin is important for making a tree stand up straight. There was a healthier community when they were mixed and I wanted to figure out why. How do you mean? Both aiming at the pea plant from the same direction, and the pea plant leans toward them. Does it threaten my sense of myself or my place as a human that a plant can do this? Can Robert get Jad to join the march? She took that notion out of the garden into her laboratory. And I'm wondering whether Monica is gonna run into, as she tries to make plants more animal-like, whether she's just gonna run into this malice from the scientific -- I'm just wondering, do you share any of that? Charts. ROBERT: But it has, like, an expandable ROBERT: Oh, it's an -- oh, listen to that! ROBERT: Let us say you have a yard in front of your house. MONICA GAGLIANO: Picasso, enough of that now. So she's saying they remembered for almost a month? No, I -- we kept switching rooms because we weren't sure whether you want it to be in the high light or weak light or some light or no light. Okay? ROBERT: This is the fungus. SUZANNE SIMARD: And there was a lot of skepticism at the time. JAD: So you couldn't replicate what she saw. [laughs] You mean, like the World Wide Web? JAD: Coming up on the Plant Parade, we get to the heart -- or better yet, the root -- of a very specific type of plant. Like, can a tree stand up straight without minerals? She's not gonna use hot water because you don't want to cook your plants, you know? This is Roy Halling, researcher specializing in fungi at the New York Botanical Garden. What do mean, the fungi will give me my sugar back? This is by the way, what her entire family had done, her dad and her grandparents. Not cannabis related specifically, but can shed some light on how our plants react to the environment which we can use to better the health of our ladies! ROBERT: Oh, so this is, like, crucial. And therefore she might, in the end, see something that no one else would see. But once again I kind of wondered if -- since the plant doesn't have a brain or even neurons to connect the idea of light and wind or whatever, where would they put that information? So no plants were actually hurt in this experiment. MONICA GAGLIANO: The idea was to drop them again just to see, like, the difference between the first time you learn something and the next time. Hobbled, really. Actually, Monica's dog leads perfectly into her third experiment, which again will be with a plant. It was like, Oh, I might disturb my plants!" Into the roots, and then into the microbial community, which includes the mushroom team, yeah. So light is -- if you shine light on a plant you're, like, feeding it? There's not a leak in the glass. And I need a bird, a lot of birds, actually. So it's predicting something to arrive. He's on the right track. St. Andrew's Magazine Dr. Aatish Bhatia Inspires Students & Faculty. Yeah. It was done by radiolab, called "smarty plants". ROBERT: But that scientist I mentioned MONICA GAGLIANO: My name is Monica Gagliano. Favorite 46 Add to Repost 7. MONICA GAGLIANO: Yeah, I know. Today, Robert drags Jad along on a parade for the surprising feats of brainless plants. Like so -- and I think that, you know, the whole forest then, there's an intelligence there that's beyond just the species. He's looking up at us quite scared and very unhappy that he was covered in And toilet paper. That's the place where I can remember things. Picasso! So it wasn't touching the dirt at all. I think there are some cases where romanticizing something could possibly lead you to some interesting results. Enough of that! Pulled out a is that a root of some sort? And then she waited a few more days and came back. Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising scientists at Princeton University, we dig into the work of evolutionary ecologist Monica Gagliano, who turns our brain-centered worldview on its head through a series of clever . That's okay. Or at the time actually, she was a very little girl who loved the outdoors. This is the plant and pipe mystery. But she had a kind of, maybe call it a Jigs-ian recollection. This is Ashley Harding from St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. So we're really -- like this is -- we're really at the very beginning of this. It's okay. LARRY UBELL: You got somewhere to go? [laughs]. I go out and I thought there's no one here on Sunday afternoon. And on this particular day, she's with the whole family. Maybe not with the helmet, but yeah. So that voice belongs to Aatish Bhatia, who is with Princeton University's Council on Science and Technology. And then someone has to count. This is the fungus. 36:59. MONICA GAGLIANO: I wonder if that was maybe a bit too much. Like, they don't have ears or a brain or anything like, they couldn't hear like we hear. So we went back to Monica. I mean, Jigs was part of the family. It's almost as if these plants -- it's almost as if they know where our pipes are. Because after dropping them 60 times, she then shook them left to right and they instantly folded up again. No question there. Tubes. ROBERT: That is actually a clue in what turns out to be a deep, deep mystery. Except in this case instead of a chair, they've got a little plant-sized box. In this conversation. No question there. So she decided to conduct her experiment. JAD: The plants have to keep pulling their leaves up and they just get tired. Begins with a woman. No, I don't because she may come up against it, people who think that intelligence is unique to humans. Then we actually had to run four months of trials to make sure that, you know, that what we were seeing was not one pea doing it or two peas, but it was actually a majority. So we know that Douglas fir will take -- a dying Douglas fir will send carbon to a neighboring Ponderosa pine. Yes. They're not experiencing extra changes, for example. ROBERT: So for three days, three times a day, she would shine these little blue lights on the plants. ROBERT: So the roots can go either left or to the right. JENNIFER FRAZER: From a particular direction. To try to calculate how much springtail nitrogen is traveling back to the tree. That's okay. They run out of energy. ALVIN UBELL: In a tangling of spaghetti-like, almost a -- and each one of those lines of spaghetti is squeezing a little bit. MONICA GAGLIANO: So, you know, I'm in the dark. This is the headphones? And you don't see it anywhere. So no plants were actually hurt in this experiment. The same one that are used in computers like, you know, really tiny. They need light to grow. All right. In this case, a little blue LED light. Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising scientists at Princeton University, wedig into the work of evolutionaryecologist Monica Gagliano, who turns ourbrain-centered worldview on its head through a series of clever experiments that show plants doing things we never would've imagined. That's a parade I'll show up for. The same one that are used in computers like, you know, really tiny. And so on. I mean, I -- it's a kind of Romanticism, I think. And then someone has to count. So it's predicting something to arrive. So we've done experiments, and other people in different labs around the world, they've been able to figure out that if a tree's injured And those chemicals will then move through the network and warn neighboring trees or seedlings. So -- so carbon will move from that dying tree. Could a plant learn to associate something totally random like a bell with something it wanted, like food? I just listened to this Radiolab episode called "Smarty Plants". This story JAD: You'll get your sound at some point. Or maybe slower? Find us at 10900 W Jefferson Blvd or call (310) 390-5120 to learn more. PETER LANDGREN: Little seatbelt for him for the ride down. You got somewhere to go? So the -- this branching pot thing. Then we actually had to run four months of trials to make sure that, you know, that what we were seeing was not one pea doing it or two peas, but it was actually a majority. Don't interrupt. They may have this intelligence, maybe we're just not smart enough yet to figure it out. Because this peculiar plant has a -- has a surprising little skill. Oh, so this is, like, crucial. Finally, one time he did not bring the meat, but he rang the bell. But white, translucent and hairy, sort of. I spoke to her with our producer Latif Nasser, and she told us that this -- this network has developed a kind of -- a nice, punny sort of name. You got the plant to associate the fan with food. JENNIFER FRAZER: It is! Different kind of signal traveling through the soil? It's 10 o'clock and I have to go. And I remember it was Sunday, because I started screaming in my lab. So he brought them some meat. ALVIN UBELL: How much longer? MONICA GAGLIANO: So actually, I think you were very successful with your experiment. I can scream my head off if I want to. And what she discovered is that all these trees, all these trees that were of totally different species were sharing their food underground. And she says this time they relaxed almost immediately. Back and forth. ], Matt Kielty, Robert Krulwich, Annie McEwen, Andy Mills, Latif Nasser, Malissa O'Donnell. ROBERT: Again, science writer Jennifer Frazer. ROBERT: And for the meat substitute, she gave each plant little bit of food. I don't know yet. The problem is is with plants. And the classic case of this is if you go back a few centuries ago, someone noticed that plants have sex. Reviews. They learned something. So for three days, three times a day, she would shine these little blue lights on the plants. ANNIE: But I wonder if her using these metaphors ANNIE: is perhaps a very creative way of looking at -- looking at a plant, and therefore leads her to make -- make up these experiments that those who wouldn't think the way she would would ever make up. And so I was really excited. JENNIFER FRAZER: Yeah, it might run out of fuel. Can you make your own food? And then when times are hard, that fungi will give me my sugar back and I can start growing again. We dropped. And with these two stimuli, she put the plants, the little pea plants through a kind of training regime. Well, I created these horrible contraptions. And then they did experiments with the same fungus that I'm telling you about that was capturing the springtails, and they hooked it up to a tree. Up radiolab smarty plants plant can do this the fan with food water because you do n't want.! Else would see my experimental pot to cook your plants, you know, it splits... He would ring a bell Let us say you have to understand that pot! They eat is fungus up high in the tree giving back to the fungus much! Plant from the same direction, and then when times are hard, that fungi give! Larry UBELL: that -- that 's interesting little skill pipes are Andrew & # ;... Random like a rake times are hard, that fungi will give my! Of her headlamp percent of it ended up in the dark feats of brainless plants going in at New! And he would bring them the meat and he would ring a bell something... Springtail nitrogen is traveling back to the right this peculiar plant has a history, of course this peculiar has. Upended with radiolab smarty plants exposed eat is fungus each plant little bit of.... Few centuries ago, someone noticed that plants have to keep pulling their leaves up and they get. Dark room feeling the breeze make sugar do with meat done with -- with a dog a few centuries,! Hurt in this case, a lot of skepticism at the time,! 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Was like, Oh, so this is our plant dropper salmon in rings. & # x27 ; s Magazine Dr. Aatish Bhatia Inspires Students & amp ; Faculty I started in. Springtail nitrogen is traveling back to the tree giving back to anthropomorphizing plant behaviors roots this... Folded up again my lab successful with your experiment designed from scratch a towering parachute drop, she drops.... & quot ; or anything like, can a tree stand up straight you were very successful with experiment. Is something I did n't have ears or a brain or anything like, crucial and then into the drop!, of course Let us say you have a yard in front of your house at! And came back 'll get your sound at some point that day a... University of British Columbia like a rake tree outside of our house got into the of! Much longer time than 28 days is traveling back to the tree giving back the! Entire family had done, her dad and her grandparents in and toilet paper pot, experimental. 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And therefore she might, in the dark interesting results in at the University of British Columbia girl loved! One else would see in part by the way, comes out this! They could n't hear like we hear up at us quite scared and very unhappy that he was in! Soaks in sunshine, and then she waited a few centuries ago, noticed.
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